Abstract Objective Laparoscopic colectomy has gained acceptance as a standard treatment for benign and malignant colorectal disease, such as diverticular disease and cancer, among others. Same as in open surgery, the laparoscopic approach carries a low risk of small bowel obstruction in the postoperative period, but in laparoscopic surgery, internal hernia after laparoscopic left colectomy may be a cause of small bowel obstruction with a significant risk of morbidity and mortality. This rare complication may be prevented with routine closure of the mesenteric defects created during the colectomy. Methods We present four cases of internal herniation after laparoscopic colectomy. Two cases were after laparoscopic left colectomy and two after laparoscopic low anterior resection. All four cases had full splenic flexure mobilization. Routine closure of the mesenteric defect was not performed in the initial surgery. Results The four patients were treated by laparoscopic reintervention with closure of the mesenteric defect. In two of them, conversion to open surgery was necessary. One of the patients developed recurrent internal herniation after surgical reintervention with mesenteric closure of the defect. All patients were managed without need for bowel resection, and mortality rate was 0%. Conclusion Internal herniation after laparoscopic colorectal surgery is a highly morbid complication that requires prompt diagnosis and management and should be suspected in the early postoperative period. Additional studies with extended follow-up are required to establish recommendations regarding its prevention and management.

Resumen: En este artículo se expone el condicionamiento sociocultural y político de la demanda (en forma y cantidad) y de la respuesta clínica individual que ofrecemos habitualmente. Se plantea una metaperspectiva sociopolítica que da cuenta del papel de los servicios de salud mental en la sociedad actual marcada por las políticas neoliberales. Se reflexiona sobre el daño que provoca el solucionismo individual y cómo reducirlo. Se hace hincapié en la necesidad de que los profesionales en formación aprendan sobre los sesgos, limitaciones y daños de la atención en salud mental, sobre prevención cuaternaria y su práctica, como la indicación de no-tratamiento.

Abstract: The socio-cultural and political conditioning of the demand (in form and quantity) and of the individual clinical response we usually offer is exposed in this article. A socio-political meta-perspective is put forward to account for the role of mental health services in today’s society marked by neoliberal policies. It reflects on the harm caused by individual solutionism and how to reduce it. Emphasis is placed on the need for professionals in training to be aware of the biases, limitations, and harms of mental health care, on quaternary prevention and its practice, such as the indication for non-treatment.

RESUMO A exenteração pélvica mostrou-se benéfica, tanto terapêutica quanto paliativamente, em casos de câncer colorretal localmente avançado. A reconstrução do trânsito urinário após uma cistectomia sempre foi desafiadora, com muitas complicações associadas. Os autores apresentam o caso de um homem de 58 anos de idade com câncer retal localmente avançado, submetido a uma exenteração pélvica e uma colostomia úmida em dupla-boca (CUDB) para reconstituição urinária. Os autores apresentam a técnica cirúrgica da CUDB, uma boa alternativa para outras reconstruções urinárias, já que a derivação fecal e urinária ocorre em apenas um estoma, a saída do estoma é mais fácil de gerenciar e o método apresenta menos complicações em comparação com outras reconstruções urinárias. A vigilância a longo prazo é obrigatória em pacientes com CUDB, pois há um risco aumentado de neoplasia no reservatório.

ABSTRACT Pelvic exenteration has showed to be beneficial therapeutically and palliatively in locally advanced colorectal cancer. Reconstruction of urinary transit posterior to a cystectomy has always been challenging with many associated complications. We present a 58-year-old male with locally advanced rectal cancer in which a pelvic exenteration and a double-barreled wet colostomy (DBWC) was created for urinary reconstitution. We present the surgical technique of DBWC. DBWC is a good alternative to other urinary reconstructions because fecal and urinary derivation occurs in only one stoma, the stoma output is easier to manage, and fewer complications are seen compared to other urinary reconstructions. Long-term surveillance is mandatory in patients with a DBWC because there is an increased risk of neoplasm in the reservoir.

Abstract: The gastrointestinal polyposis syndromes are characterized by the presence of multiple polyps in the digestive tract, affecting the colon and rectum in the most cases. Recognized family syndromes represent around 5% of colorectal cancers, the most common being familial adenomatose polyposis (FAP) and hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (Lynch syndrome). They are a group of diseases of low incidence with very varied characteristics, which require a correct individualization for their most appropriate treatment. Within the genetic syndromes, there are presentations with typical molecular variations that typecast the most frequent groups, however there is the possibility that these syndromes present genetic similarities whose predominance will determine the evolution and presentation of the disease.

Resumen: Los síndromes de poliposis gastrointestinales se caracterizan por la presencia de múltiples pólipos en el tubo digestivo que afectan preferentemente el colon y recto. Representan alrededor de 5% de los tipos de cáncer colorrectal, siendo los más comunes la poliposis adenomatosa familiar y el cáncer de colon no polipósico hereditario (síndrome de Lynch). Son un grupo de enfermedades de escasa incidencia con características muy variadas que precisan una correcta individualización para su tratamiento más adecuado. Dentro de los síndromes genéticos hay presentaciones con variaciones moleculares típicas que encasillan a los grupos más frecuentes; sin embargo, existe la posibilidad de que dichos síndromes muestren similitudes genéticas cuya predominancia determine la evolución y presentación de la enfermedad.

Abstract Health prevention of mental suffering, regardless of being done In primary, secondary or tertiary care, is not just professionals trying to prevent its happening in advance in a well-meant way, making an early diagnosis or reducing the negative consequences of mental problems. Behind preventive measures, there is a particular conceptualization of mental problems, a socio-politically contextualized practice, a therapeutic relationship very often conditioned by professional omnipotence that fosters a paternalistic dynamic, and interventions that, as it always happens in the health field, also cause damage. Against this perspective, quaternary care prevention gives us the scientific and ethical keys to limit the damage done by preventive health interventions in a context of medicalization and individualization of social problems. Likewise, mental health promotion, understood as an activity with a fundamentally political, collective and intersectoral nature in which mental health professionals are other knots within the network of community agents, provides us with a professional task outside the clinical practice and in a public health and social medicine framework, which helps improve mental well-being in the population.

Resumen La prevención sanitaria del sufrimiento psíquico, ya sea primaria, secundaria o terciaria, no trata únicamente de que los profesionales intenten evitar anticipadamente su aparición de manera bienintencionada, hagan un diagnóstico precoz o reduzcan las consecuencias negativas del problema mental. Detrás de las actividades clínicas preventivas, se encuentra una particular conceptualización de los problemas mentales, una práctica contextualizada sociopolíticamente, una relación terapéutica a menudo condicionada por una omnipotencia profesional que propicia una dinámica paternalista y unas intervenciones que, como todas las de carácter sanitario, también provocan daños. Frente a esta perspectiva, la prevención cuaternaria nos da las claves científicas y éticas para limitar el daño que realizan las intervenciones sanitarias preventivas en un contexto de medicalización e individualización de los problemas sociales. Igualmente, la promoción de la salud mental, entendida como una actividad de carácter fundamentalmente político, colectivo e intersectorial en la que los profesionales de la salud mental somos otros nudos dentro de la red de agentes comunitarios, nos proporciona un quehacer profesional fuera de la consulta en el marco de la salud pública y la medicina social que ayuda a mejorar el bienestar psíquico de la población.

Abstract The value of ‘truth’ in the narratives of modern psychiatry, its focus on the individual and the provision of technology, determine a vertical therapeutic relationship. Post-psychiatry challenges these premises and proposes a horizontal therapeutic relationship where the voice of the users is crucial, the contexts take on a greater role in providing other meanings and ethics is placed before technology.

Resumen El valor de ‘verdad’ de las narrativas de la psiquiatría moderna, su enfoque centrado en el individuo y en la provisión de tecnología condicionan una relación terapéutica vertical. La postpsiquiatría cuestiona estos presupuestos y propone una relación terapéutica horizontal en la que la voz de los usuarios es crucial, los contextos adquieren mayor protagonismo como fuentes de significación y la ética se coloca por delante de la tecnología.

The last 25 years have witnessed a remarkable increase in the prescription of antidepressants, so more and more people are both consuming them and doing so for a longer period of time. This situation has created a new health problem, due to the damage produced by these drugs, as well as the limited benefits they are able to provide. In fact, it is believed that their effectiveness is not better than placebo for mild and moderate depression, and it has been proved to be minimal in acute depression. The increase in their prescription might be included within a broader phenomenon of medicalization, by which vital conditions are either increasingly turned into diseases or prompted to be given a medical response. The pharmaceutical industry has used neurochemical argumentation to promote the idea that antidepressants contain selective mechanisms of action that are supposed to correct brain imbalances, which are considered to be the real cause of depression. However, this hypothesis has never been fully proved. On the contrary, there is a significant variety of studies showing that depression is an extremely complex disorder influenced by environmental and genetic factors and regulated by different biological pathways. Therefore, in order to ensure a reasonable use of antidepressants, it would be highly recommendable to put an end to this type of treatments unless clinical reasons for its maintenance are strongly justified, and always with caution to avoid a withdrawal syndrome.

En los últimos 25 años se ha producido una extraordinaria expansión de la prescripción de antidepresivos, de manera que cada vez más personas los consumen y por un tiempo más prolongado. Esto constituye un problema de salud debido a los daños que producen este tipo de fármacos y los limitados beneficios que aportan, ya que su eficacia no es superior al placebo en la depresión leve y moderada y la diferencia es mínima en la grave. El aumento de su prescripción se ubica dentro de un fenómeno más amplio de medicalización por el que cada vez más condiciones vitales son transformadas en enfermedades o se les busca una respuesta sanitaria. La industria farmacéutica ha utilizado argumentos neuroquímicos para promover la idea de que los antidepresivos poseen mecanismos de acción selectivos que permiten corregir desequilibrios a nivel cerebral que serían los verdaderos causantes de la depresión. Sin embargo, esta hipótesis nunca ha podido ser probada y diversos estudios ponen de manifiesto que la depresión es un trastorno extremadamente complejo condicionado por factores ambientales y genéticos, y regulado por diversas vías biológicas. Por ello, para garantizar un uso razonable de los antidepresivos, se propone considerar el cese del tratamiento antidepresivo, con precaución para evitar un síndrome de abstinencia, cuando no haya motivos clínicos que justifiquen su mantenimiento.

Aims: to establish the differences in the use of resorurces and treatment with the people with and without diagnosable mental (Z codes according to CIE 10) in a Community Mental Health Center. Method: Design: comparative descriptive study. Scope: urban area. Population: all patientes referred to de mental health service during a year (n=1187). Variables: clinical indication, number of consults and therapeutic intervention throughout a year of pursuit have been analyzed. Also, were also collected sociodemographic, clinical and health services utilization variables by clinical interview, the test GHQ-28 and a scale of expectations, in order to complete the study. Results: Z codes are discharged to a greater extent, receive one-third of visits over a year, missing more citations and have a nearly 5 times more likely to leave after the first consultation that mental disorders. Patients diagnosed as mental disorder come with more prescribed treatment from primary care, further treatment is added, especially if they come without it to see, if they live alone and if they are referred for normal track than Z. codes At 12 months are also taking psychotropic drugs in greater proportion. Conclusions: The indication of discharge or pursuit in the first interview, the number of consults and drop-outs discriminates the two populations better than in previous works. Our patients have more medication at the moment of the consultation, mainly in the case of the Z codes, than other studies. However, the pharmacology intervention with Z codes usually goes directed in its majority to suspend the psychotropic drug.

Objetivo: Determinar si existen diferencias en el uso de recursos y la actividad terapéutica llevada a cabo con las personas con y sin trastorno mental diagnosticable (códigos Z según CIE-10) en los Servicios de Salud Mental. Metodología: Diseño: estudio descriptivo comparativo. Ámbito: área sanitaria urbana. Población: todos los pacientes derivados al Centro de Salud Mental (n=1187) durante un año. Variables: se han analizado la indicación clínica, el número de citas y la intervención terapéutica a lo largo de un año de seguimiento. Asimismo, se recogieron también variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y asistenciales mediante la entrevista clínica, el test GHQ-28 y una escala de expectativas, para poder completar el estudio. Resultados: Los códigos Z son dados de alta en mayor proporción, reciben un tercio de visitas a lo largo de un año, faltan a mayor número de citas y tienen una probabilidad casi 5 veces mayor de abandonar tras la primera consulta que los trastornos mentales. Los pacientes diagnosticados de trastorno mental llegan con más tratamiento pautado desde atención primaria, se les añade más tratamiento, sobre todo si habían llegado sin ello a consulta, si viven solos y en el caso de ser derivados vía normal, que los códigos Z. A los 12 meses también están tomando psicofármacos en mayor proporción. Conclusiones: La indicación de alta o seguimiento en la primera entrevista, el número de citas y los abandonos discriminan las dos poblaciones mejor que en trabajos previos. Nuestros pacientes tienen más medicación pautada en el momento de la consulta, sobre todo en el caso de los códigos Z, que en los estudios internacionales. No obstante, la intervención farmacológica con los códigos Z suele ir encaminada en su mayoría a suspender los psicofármacos.

Quaternary prevention avoids or mitigates the consequences of unnecessary or excessive activity of the health system. Iatrogenia produced by care systems activity is a serious public health problem and in mental health is poorly understood. The damage that can be inflicted to patients covers the entire episode of care, from prevention to treatment through the diagnostic process. We review the damage caused by preventive activities as the approach of mourning or debriefing, pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatments, the iatrogenia produced in diagnosis and the deleterious effects of being under care in the psychiatric system especially related to stigma. Become aware of the seriousness of iatrogenic effects of our "well done" interventions allows foregrounding the importance of quaternary prevention and the need to work with the shared decision making model always considering alternatives and measures to ensure safety and rights of patients.

La prevención cuaternaria evita o atenúa las consecuencias de la actividad innecesaria o excesiva del sistema sanitario. La iatrogenia producida por la actividad sanitaria es un grave problema de salud pública que en salud mental está poco estudiado. El perjuicio que se puede infligir a los pacientes abarca todo el episodio de atención, desde la prevención hasta el tratamiento pasando por el proceso diagnóstico. Se revisan los perjuicios que causan las actividades preventivas como el abordaje del duelo o el debriefing, los tratamientos farmacológicos y psicoterapéuticos, la iatrogenia del diagnostico y del sistema de atención relacionado especialmente con el estigma. Tomar conciencia de la gravedad de la iatrogenia que nuestras intervenciones "bien hechas" pueden producir permite poner en primer plano la relevancia de la prevención cuaternaria y la necesidad de trabajar con el modelo de decisiones compartidas considerando siempre alternativas y extremando las medidas que garanticen la seguridad y derechos de los pacientes.

Quaternary prevention avoids or mitigates the consequences of unnecessary or excessive activity of the health system. Iatrogenia produced by care systems activity is a serious public health problem and in mental health is poorly understood. The damage that can be inflicted to patients covers the entire episode of care, from prevention to treatment through the diagnostic process. We review the damage caused by preventive activities as the approach of mourning or debriefing, pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatments, the iatrogenia produced in diagnosis and the deleterious effects of being under care in the psychiatric system especially related to stigma. Become aware of the seriousness of iatrogenic effects of our "well done" interventions allows foregrounding the importance of quaternary prevention and the need to work with the shared decision making model always considering alternatives and measures to ensure safety and rights of patients.

La prevención cuaternaria evita o atenúa las consecuencias de la actividad innecesaria o excesiva del sistema sanitario. La iatrogenia producida por la actividad sanitaria es un grave problema de salud pública que en salud mental está poco estudiado. El perjuicio que se puede infligir a los pacientes abarca todo el episodio de atención, desde la prevención hasta el tratamiento pasando por el proceso diagnóstico. Se revisan los perjuicios que causan las actividades preventivas como el abordaje del duelo o el debriefing, los tratamientos farmacológicos y psicoterapéuticos, la iatrogenia del diagnostico y del sistema de atención relacionado especialmente con el estigma. Tomar conciencia de la gravedad de la iatrogenia que nuestras intervenciones "bien hechas" pueden producir permite poner en primer plano la relevancia de la prevención cuaternaria y la necesidad de trabajar con el modelo de decisiones compartidas considerando siempre alternativas y extremando las medidas que garanticen la seguridad y derechos de los pacientes.

Objective: To analyze the differences between socio-demographic variables, inpatients and outpatients of individuals assessed in a community mental health center (CMHC) with or with no diagnosable mental disorders according to ICD-10 (mental disorder or Z code). Method: Design: comparative description. Scope: urban area. Population: all patients referred to the Salamanca Mental Health Service (n =1187). Variables: sociodemographics, clinical and health service utilization gathered through clinical interview, GHQ-28, SCL-90-R and an expectations scale. Results: Among the mental patients there are more singles, a lower level of education, they are diagnosed by female professionals more frequently, and they have priority referals. Moreover they have mental health history more frequently, they arrive at the mental health service with psychopharmacological treatment administered often and after the evaluation they are discharged less frequently than Z code. Mental disorders are given more weight in all the SCL-90-R indexes studied. Vital occurrences were out of control more often in mental disorders than Z codes at the time of evaluation. Conclusions: The socio-demographic differences between both populations are finite like in previous studies. In our research both patient groups have fewer clinical visits than in international studies, but more prescribed medication at the time of the evaluation, especially in Z codes. It appears that mental patients lack social skills or the ability to stressful life events and, therefore, are more vulnerable than Z codes.

Objetivo: Analizar las diferencias entre las variables sociodemográficas, asistenciales y clínicas de estas dos poblaciones. Metodología: Diseño: descriptivo comparativo. Ámbito: área sanitaria urbana. Población: todos los pacientes derivados al Centro de Salud Mental durante un año (n =1187). Variables: sociodemográficas, clínicas y asistenciales que se recogieron mediante una entrevista clínica y los tests GHQ-28, SCL-90-R y una escala de expectativas. Resultados: Entre los trastornos mentales hay más solteros, menor nivel educativo, son diagnosticados con mayor frecuencia por profesionales mujeres y derivados como preferentes. Además presentan más antecedentes psiquiátricos, acuden al centro con un tratamiento psicofarmacológico pautado en mayor medida y tras la evaluación son dados de alta en menos ocasiones que los códigos Z. Los trastornos mentales puntúan más alto en todos los índices estudiados del SCL-90-R. Además señalaban que los acontecimientos vitales estaban fuera de control en más ocasiones que los códigos Z en el momento de la consulta. Conclusiones: Las diferencias sociodemográficas entre ambas poblaciones son muy discretas al igual que en los estudios previos. En nuestro trabajo ambos grupos de pacientes tienen menos contactos ambulatorios previos que en estudios internacionales, pero más medicación pautada en el momento de la consulta, sobre todo en el caso de los códigos Z. Parece que los trastornos mentales tienen menos capacidades o habilidades de afrontamiento de las circunstancias adversas y son por tanto más vulnerables que los pacientes diagnosticados de código Z.

OBJETIVO: Diante de um paciente portador de hiperparatiroidismo primário com indicação de tratamento cirúrgico, a localização pré-operatória da paratiroide é de fundamental importância para definir a melhor abordagem cirúrgica. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: A realização adicional de imagens SPECT e da cintilografia com 99mTc durante a cintilografia das paratiroides com Setamibi não é rotina em nosso meio, sendo comum a aquisição apenas das imagens planas − precoce (15 minutos) e tardia (2 horas). RESULTADOS: Na nossa experiência, tem-se percebido que a realização do protocolo completo contribui de maneira decisiva na sensibilidade da localização pré-operatória da paratiroide. CONCLUSÃO: A aplicação completa de todos os métodos cintilográficos disponíveis (SPECT e 99mTc) e a análise cuidadosa das imagens em um contexto multidisciplinar podem aumentar a acurácia da cintilografia das paratiroides.

OBJECTIVE: In patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, candidates for surgical intervention, the parathyroid pre-operative localization is of fundamental importance in planning the appropriate surgical approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The additional acquisition of SPECT and Technetium-99m images, during parathyroid scintigraphy with Sestamibi, is not common practice. Usually, only planar image acquisition, 15 minutes prior and 2 hours after radiopharmaceutical administration, is performed. RESULTS: In our experience, the complete protocol in parathyroid scintigraphy increases the accuracy of pre-operative parathyroid localization. CONCLUSION: The complete utilization of all available nuclear medicine methods (SPECT e 99mTc) and image interpretation in a multidisciplinary context can improve the accuracy of parathyroid scintigraphy.

We study the rise of antidepressants prescribing and the cost increase in a health area in Madrid. We use the National Health System prescriptions from primary care and from specialities during 1999-2001. We analise the consequencies on economy (direct and indirect cost) and on health (temporary disability in the same time and in the same population because of mental disorders). We discuss also some social consequencies.

Estudiamos cómo se ha incrementado la prescripción de antidepresivos y el gasto farmacéutico en un área de Madrid mediante las recetas del SNS realizadas tanto desde atención primaria como desde especializada durante los años 1999-2001. Analizamos las repercusiones económicas (costes directos e indirectos) y las clínicas (medido por las incapacidades laborales transitorias por causa psiquiátrica durante esos mismos años y en la misma población). Discutimos algunas repercusiones a nivel social.